Pituitary Gland

C75.1WHO Vol. 10

Endocrine & Neuroendocrine System

Prognosis

This section is being prepared by our editorial process.

🔬 Histological Types

📚 Latest Research

2026-09-09

Anatomical Feature of Nasal Cavity for Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery in Patients With GHoma.

Suzuki T, et al

A retrospective CT analysis comparing 28 growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma (GHoma) patients with 104 non-GHoma pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) patients found that GHoma patients have significantly larger nasolacrimal duct opening width, piriform aperture width, and anterior nasal spine-to-clivus distance (P < .05), yet a significantly narrower inter-carotid artery distance and a smaller inter-carotid-to-nasal-spine-to-clivus ratio, which restricts instrument maneuverability during endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (EESS). Conducted at a tertiary referral center between August 2018 and April 2024, the study used Student's t-test to compare CT-based nasal cavity measurements across nine anatomical parameters. These findings indicate that despite broader sinonasal passages, the confined paraclival working corridor between the internal carotid arteries is the key anatomical bottleneck making EESS technically more demanding in GHoma patients than in other PitNET subtypes. The authors conclude that CT-based preoperative anatomical assessment should specifically evaluate inter-carotid distance in GHoma patients to anticipate and plan for this surgical challenge.

OTO open

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2026-09-04

What do you mean by PitNETs in WHO Classification 2022?

Osamura RY, et al

The 2022 WHO Classification formally reclassifies pituitary adenomas as „pituitary neuroendocrine tumours" (PitNETs), recognizing them as potentially aggressive neoplasms capable of invasion and metastasis, analogous to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. PitNETs are now categorized according to the hormones they produce and three key transcription factors — PIT1, TPIT, and SF1 — rather than by histological appearance alone. Although most PitNETs are slow-growing with Ki-67 proliferation indices generally below 3%, specific morphological features such as Crooke cells are associated with more aggressive clinical behaviour. Emerging molecular tools, including single-cell RNA sequencing, are being applied to decode genomic heterogeneity at the level of individual tumour cells, with the expectation that future PitNET classification will become more biologically and therapeutically oriented.

Endocrine journal

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2026-09-03

Spontaneous remission of Cushing disease after clinically silent pituitary apoplexy with persistent positive desmopressin stimulation.

Witek K, et al

A patient with Cushing disease achieved spontaneous remission following a clinically silent pituitary apoplexy, a hemorrhagic or ischemic infarction event occurring within the ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma that produced no overt symptoms at the time it occurred. Despite confirmed biochemical remission of hypercortisolism, desmopressin stimulation testing remained persistently positive, posing a significant interpretive challenge for post-remission surveillance of corticotroph adenoma patients. This case, published in the Polish Archives of Internal Medicine, highlights that clinically unrecognized pituitary apoplexy should be considered a potential mechanism of spontaneous cure in Cushing disease, and demonstrates that a positive dynamic stimulation test does not necessarily indicate residual or recurrent active disease in this setting.

Polish archives of internal medicine

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